Liveingite
Chemical formula: Pb²⁺₂₀As³⁺₂₄S²⁻₅₆
Liveingite is a rare lead arsenic sulfosalt mineral, forming characteristic, flattened crystals with a metallic luster.
Properties
- Mohs hardness
- 3
- Color
- Lead gray
- Luster
- Metallic
- Streak
- Chocolate-brown
- Density
- 5.3
- Cleavage
- Perfect on {100}
- Fracture
- Uneven
- Transparency
- Opaque
- Crystal system
- Monoclinic
Diagnostic features
## Identification Liveingite can be identified by its metallic luster, lead-gray color, characteristic shape of flattened, striated crystals, and high density. Perfect cleavage in one direction is also an important diagnostic feature. Its occurrence in a specific geological environment, such as the dolomitic marbles in Lengenbach, is a key indicator. ## Distinguishing from Similar Minerals It can be confused with other lead sulfosalts from Lengenbach, such as baumhauerite, rathite, or sartorite. Distinguishing these minerals based on visual characteristics is extremely difficult and often requires advanced analytical methods, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) or chemical analysis (EDS/WDS). Liveingite is distinguished by its specific crystal habit, which is often flattened parallel to the cleavage plane. ## Crystal Forms Crystals are monoclinic but pseudo-orthorhombic. They typically have a tabular, flattened habit, or are elongated and prismatic. Strong striations on the crystal faces, parallel to the elongation axis, are characteristic.
Geological environment
## Genesis Liveingite is a hydrothermal mineral. It forms as a result of the activity of arsenic and sulfur-rich solutions interacting with carbonate rocks (dolomites, dolomitic marbles). Its classic locality, the Lengenbach quarry, is a stratabound deposit within Triassic dolomites. ## Mineral Associations It most commonly co-occurs with other rare lead arsenic sulfosalts, such as sartorite, baumhauerite, rathite, dufrenoysite, as well as with pyrite, sphalerite, and realgar. These minerals form complex parageneses in the dolomitic rock. ## Localities The only confirmed and well-documented locality for liveingite worldwide is the Lengenbach quarry in the Binn Valley (Binntal) in the canton of Valais, Switzerland. This is the type locality for this mineral and for dozens of other rare sulfosalts.
Rarity
Very rare
For collectors
## Quality Criteria Specimens with well-formed, sharp, and undamaged crystals that are clearly exposed on the rock matrix (most often white dolomite) are most valued by collectors. Crystal size is a key factor – specimens with crystals exceeding a few millimeters are already considered exceptional. Luster and the absence of oxidation traces also significantly increase the value of a specimen. ## Popular Localities The only source of collectible specimens is the Lengenbach quarry in Switzerland. Material from this locality is extremely prized due to its rarity and scientific significance.
Care and storage
## Cleaning Liveingite specimens should be cleaned very carefully, preferably using compressed air to remove dust. Any contact with water or chemicals is inadvisable. For more stubborn dirt, a soft, dry brush can be used. ## What to Avoid Absolutely avoid contact with water, acids, and other chemical agents, which can cause its decomposition. The mineral is sensitive to oxidation, so it should be protected from moisture and sudden temperature changes. As a lead and arsenic-containing mineral, it is toxic – avoid inhaling dust and wash hands after any contact. ## Storage It is recommended to store specimens in airtight, sealed containers (e.g., "membrane boxes" or sealed boxes) away from sunlight and heat sources. It is advisable to add a desiccant to the container to minimize the risk of oxidation. It should be stored separately from minerals that might react with it.